Introduction and purpose: Fleas are ectoparasites of birds and mammals. In addition to causing harassment due to their bites, these insects transmit some diseases, such as plague, endemic typhus, and tularemia, to humans. The present study aimed to identify the species and biodiversity of important fleas in Neka City (Mazandaran Province, Iran). The present research followed a descriptive-analytical approach. Methods: The sampling was performed for one year, from April to March 2022, in the rural areas of Neka City. In this study, 15 villages were randomly selected according to the geographic location of the north, south, east, west, and center. Different methods, including hand catch, human bait, and spreading white cloth, were employed to collect fleas. The collected samples were preserved in closed tubes containing 70% alcohol. After clarification and mounting in the laboratory, they were identified using validated identification keys. Results: A total of 2600 fleas were caught in this study, involving Ctenocephalides canis (30. 93%), Ctenocephalides felis (57. 54%), and Pulex irritans (11. 53%) species. Among them, 33. 12% were male, and 66. 89% were female. The dominant species among the caught fleas was Ctenocephalides felis, and the majority of the collected fleas were caught in the Estakhr Posht village. Furthermore, the highest number of fleas caught was associated with the mountainous climate and occurred during spring. Conclusion: The results revealed that Ctenoscephalides felis is the dominant and most abundant species in Neka City, Iran, which can be considered a health concern. Therefore, their presence and frequency should be considered a serious issue, and appropriate control measures should be made.

Introduction and Objective: The scientists believe that human intervention has caused changes in climate conditions and these changes will be noteworthy in the future. Any significant change in climate variables can affect the milk production of industrial Livestock farms. Material and Methods: In this research, the effect of temperature-humidity Index (THI) on milk production in Babolsar city was quantified, and then, using the SDSM model, the THI index was downscaled to the year 2100. Finally, the effect of climate change on milk production until the end of current century in three emission scenarios of RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 were quantified. Results: The results showed that in the current situations, Babolsar station has been involved in temperature-humidity stress for 5 months of the year, which will increase to 7 months by the end of this century. Also, the results showed that in near future (before 2050) the stress condition is not much different from the base period, but after that, even in RCP2.6 scenario, the differences with the base period will increase significantly, and the most intensity of stress level will occur., As a result, on more days of the year, heavy Livestocks will experience tempreture-humidity stress. Quantification of the effect of temperature-humidity stress on milk production showed that for increase of one unit of daily THI more than 70, the milk production of each animal decreases by 327 grams. The investigation of milk reduction trend in the future showed that until the year 2100, not only the milk production will decrease in more months of the year, moreover, the daily losses of Livestock farmers also increase. so that in the stressful months, the daily milk reduction from 1 to 2 kg per animal in base period, will increase to 1.5 to 3.5 kg. So, the losses caused by climate change on milk producers will increase by at least 45 and at most more than 100 percent. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, the stress level of emergency will occur in the last decades of this century, which will lead to a sharp decrease in milk production. Therefore, if adaptation policies to climate change are not considered in the future, there may be happens widespread deaths of heavy Livestock especially in critical months of July and August, which is a serious alarm for Livestock industry of the Mazandaran province.

An Evaluation of the implemented sprinkler irrigation systems, made it possible to determine the systems’ level of success in performance; presenting practical solutions to improve the efficiency of the systems and finally offering suggestions for improvement of the future systems. The main objective followed in this study was to evaluate the status and performance of the implemented center pivot systems in the study area. Throughout the study, 5 center pivots laid out on any of the alfalfa, maize and sugar beet fields in Moghan Agro-Industry and Livestock farms. Each system was evaluated within three sets of experiments. The results showed that, the average distribution coefficient, distribution uniformity, PELQ, AEQL, evaporation and wind drift losses were estimated at about 47. 5, 60. 4, 50. 1, 50. 1 and 7. 6, respectively. Analyses of these evaluation parameters showed that the existing center pivot systems in the study area were not efficient. The low efficiency of these systems was the results of improper management and technical issues that had not been properly taken into consideration. The reasons for the low levels of AELQ and PELQ consisted of poor design and improper operation that should be paid attention to and revised.

Agricultural insurance is considered as a support policy that reduces negative effects of risk in agricultural farms. In addition, it can improve managerial behavior of insured and technical-healthy regulations of production by using some special tools. This study investigated the impact ofinsurance of agricultural products insurance on using technical-healthy regulations of production in industrial Livestock farms at Khorasan province and apple farms at Damavand County. To this end, the required data were survyed from the farms; then it was statistically analyzed. Results indicated that the insurance has exactly significant influence on using any of technical-healthy regulations of production in industrial Livestock farms; whereas the insurance does not have any significant influence in the apple farms. In addition, it was also found out that the greatest influence of insurance was in industrial Livestock and apple farms that had less than 200 animals and 3 hectares farms, respectively.

Due to the properties of milk, control of this product and evaluation of its characteristics is necessary for milk producers and dairy products industries. In this study, 240 raw milk samples collected from Livestock farms in Khuzestan province during different seasons of 1399-1400 were analyzed in terms of the total count of microorganisms, the number of corporal cells and acidity. The results showed that there is a significant difference in the data between the two types of animal husbandry (industrial and traditional) and also different seasons (spring and summer compared to the other two seasons). Also, results showed an inverse correlation between acidity with total bacterial count and somatic cell count (p<0. 05). So, the aforementioned factors are important for diagnosing the safety of raw milk. For this purpose, it seems establishing of industrial dairy farms, hygienic management through the milking and during the milk-to-factory transmission chain and also applying hygienic systems such as hazard analysis and critical control points, good manufacturing practice and good hygienic practice are required.

Antibacterial activity against gastrointestinal bacteria, tolerance to acidic conditions and bile salts are the main indicators of probiotics. The aim of this study was isolation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential of bovine colostrum. Colostrum samples were cultured on selective culture. Identification of lactic acid bacteria carried out by biochemical tests of fermentation of sugars, growth at 10 and 45° C and 6. 5% salt. Antagonistic effect of culture supernatant of isolates against native isolates S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus and standard strains E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. dysentriae, S. aureus, B. cereus and E. faecalis carried out by well method and tolerance of isolates to acidic conditions and bile salts were evaluated. L. plantarum was the most species of isolated lactic acid bacteria (36. 32%). Culture supernatant of L. plantarum more than other isolates was showed antibacterial activity. None of the isolates were able to grow at pH 2, but L. plantarum, L. casei, L. acidophilus, S. thermophilus and E. faecalis were able to tolerate pH of 3. Also, L. plantarum, L. casei, E. faecalis and E. faecium were able to grow in presence of 0. 3 and 1% bile salt. Colostrum as a traditional dairy food can be considered as a very suitable reservoir for isolation of lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential. Due to significant antibacterial activity of L. plantarum and the ability to grow in acidic condition and various concentrations of bile salts, probiotic potential of this isolate was evaluated as desirable.

Introduction: Aflatoxins are a large group of mycotoxins that are produced through Polyketide pathway by specific species of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, and Aspergillus nomius. These pesticides are known to be the most dangerous mycotoxins affecting human and Livestock health (Pleadin et al. 2014). Several hundred mycotoxins have been identified, and more than 25% of the world annual grain production is contaminated with mycotoxin (Smith et al. 2016). Among the 400 known mycotoxins, Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, and G2 are the most important food and feed mycotoxins (Costanzo et al. 2015). Aflatoxin M1 and M2 are the hydroxyl metabolite of aflatoxin B1 and B2 that can be found in milk or other animal products (Hussein and Brasel. 2001). At the first level, the main manifestations of mycotoxins exposure in animals are reductions in feed intake and weight gain. At the second level, mycotoxins affect the quantity of animal products. The third level of influence is the safety and quality of the products from exposed animals (Wang et al. 2019). The present study was designed to detect contamination of aflatoxin M1 in milkand, aflatoxin B1 in feed and subsequent molecular isolation and identification of Aspergillus flavus species. Material and methods: In this study, 10 milk samples from milk reservoirs and 10 feed samples from a total mixed ration of Livestock from dairy farms of East Azarbaijan province (Tabriz and Marand) were collected. After preparation of samples, the experiment was conducted using competitive ELISA method. The principles were as follows: after adding standard solutions or samples to the wells, aflatoxin M1 was bonded from specimens or standards to specific antibody binding sites. After 30 minutes of incubation step, unbound reagents were removed during a single wash step. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) aflatoxin M1 was added to the wells and after one 15 minutes of incubation, the unlinked conjugate was removed during the washing step. Then, some aflatoxin M1-HRP was coherent by adding a substrate/chromogen (H2O2/TMB) solution. In the presence of colorless chromogen, mixed conjugated aflatoxin and M1-HRP agent was converted to colored product. The addition of sulfuric acid caused the suspension of the substrate reaction and finally, the light intensity was measured by a photometric method at 450 nm. Optical density had an inverse relationship with the concentration of aflatoxin in the sample. To isolate the fungus, first 2 g of the standardized feed were weighed and milled in a falcon containing 18 ml of physiological serum and then, mixed well with a vortex for five minutes. A portion of the diluted feed was removed and cultured on plots containing a Potato Dextrose Agar medium at several locations. Plates were incubated for 7 days at 25 ℃ . DNA was extracted from Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) medium. The resulting mycelium mass was frozen and converted to a uniform powder by liquid nitrogen. DNA extraction was carried out by placing the samples in a buffer and purification with organic solvents such as chloroform/isoamyl alcohol and finally, curing with cold isopropanol. The resulting DNA was stored at-20 ° C. In order to evaluate the actuary of identification for Aspergillus flavus, the primer sequence of AFLA-F and AFLA-R gene was aligned using the BLAST software (GenBank) to find similarity rate within resisted reference sequences. Each PCR reaction consists of: 6 μ l of PCR Master Mix, 2 μ l extracted DNA, 0. 2 μ l of each recipe primer, 1. 6 μ l of distilled water. Then, 10 μ l of the final volume of reaction was placed on thermosecler device. A PCR program for amplification of the targeted PCR fragment was fixed based on following temperature: Initial denaturant at 95℃ for 10 min, {denaturant at 95℃ for 1 min, annealing at 66℃ for 2 min, extension at 72℃ for 2 min (total 34 cycle)} and the final amplification at 72℃ for 5 minutes (Zachová et al. 2003). Isolated strains of Aspergillus strains were verified using the PCR method; its reaction products were detected in 1% agarose gel by electrophoresis. Results and discussion: The results showed that all milk and feed samples were contaminated with aflatoxin, but the contamination rate of milk samples was lower than the standard values of Iran, America, and the European Union (0. 1, 0. 5 and 0. 05 μ g / Kg). Among the 10 collected samples, only two edible samples with aflatoxin B1 contamination were higher than the Iranian and European standards (5 μ g / kg). The contamination level of milk and feed samples were observed in the range of 0. 021-0. 05 and 1. 1-6. 9 μ g / kg, respectively. Statistically, there was a significant difference between the mean of contamination of aflatoxin M1 in milk and B1 in feed in the region with national and international standards and the mean of M1 and B1 contamination was lower than these standards. The level of aflatoxin M1 in milk was detected by HPLC method, indicating that the infection rate of 10 samples was 0. 02-0. 31 μ g / l (Besufekad et al. 2018). In another study, 178 wheat samples were collected in China and reported 18. 8% of the samples contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (Liu et al. 2016). The results of the fungal species also showed that the analyzed samples did not show any bands in the 413bp range. As a result, it can be said that the dominant species and the main cause of contamination were not Flavus species. Wang et al. (2016) reported that aflatoxins are mainly produced by the genus Aspergillus, and are commonly found in food and feed in humid and warm environments. Research results in India show that among the 15 collected samples, only 9 samples (60%) were infected with Aspergillus. Seven samples were detected as Aspergillus flavus and two samples as Aspergillus niger (Khare et al. 2018). Conclusion: Milk composition, body mass gain, immunity, and reproductive performance are affected in dairy ruminants by feeds contaminated with aflatoxins. It is expected that by controlling animal feed agaisnt aflatoxin and reducing its levels in feed by improving production and storage conditions, a suitable method for preventing contamination of milk and its products will be adopted to help improve the health of the community.